1 Also
written 町屋. One of the two main categories of vernacular house, *minka
民家. From the mediaeval period, through the Edo period and into the Meiji era,
the urban houses of craftsmen or artisans, shokunin 職人, and merchants,
shounin 商人, classes collectively referred to as townspeople, chounin
町人. Typically, machiya directly abutted the public street, and combined
residential functions with the accommodation of a workshop or manufacturing space,
office and retail space. The shop, *mise
店, usually occupied the front part of the house and had sliding or folding shutters
of various sorts which opened to the street to display wares. In plan, machiya
shared with the other major vernacular category, the farmhouse, nouka 農家,
a similar internal division into an unfloored service and circulation space, the
*doma 土間, and a kyoshitsubu
居室部 of one or more rooms with raised timber floors, overspread in the more sophisticated
houses with straw mats, *tatami
畳. As with the farmhouse, a great door *oodo
大戸, giving access to the doma was the usual main entrance to the dwelling.
The typical machiya plot was narrow but deep, with storehouses, kura
蔵, and other ancillary structures at the rear of the house. The doma was
a vital through-passage to the area behind the house. It was commonly referred
to as a *tooriniwa 通り庭.
This arrangement was particulaly associated with the Kansai 関西 region and western
Japan. Notably in parts of the Kantou, a different arrangement was widespread,
with an unfloored area, called maedoma 前土間 across the front of the building.
Most machiya were *hirairi
平入 houses with their eaves overhanging the street, but gable-entry *tsumairi
妻入, houses also occurred in some areas. Plot size varied, with plot width, *maguchi
間口, in particular, being an index of wealth: 3-3.5 *ken
間 (approx. 6m), was a standerd maguchi in Kyoto during the Edo period,
but a large machiya might have a frontage of more than 10 ken (18-20m).
General trends in machiya design include a change from perishable roofing
materials like shingles held in place by stones *ishioki
itabuki 石置板葺, or thatch, to tiles, and from walls with the structural
timbers exposed, to thick overall plastering *ookabe-zukuri
大壁造. Both developments were partly an attempt to provide protection against fire.
Upper floors also develop from dark, low attics to suites of full-height rooms.
In the most sophisticated machiya, all of these phenomena were, however,
in evidence by the beginning of the Edo period. The earliest surviving machiya
(Kuriyama 栗山 house, Gojou 五條 in Nara) dates from 1607, but the term was already
in use in the mid-Heian period, since it is included in the 10c dictionary of
Japanese, WAMYOUSHOU 倭名抄, where it is written 店家. This seems to have referred
to small houses outside the designated east and west market areas of the capital,
but facing the street and incorporating a space that served as a shop. Rows of
such small houses are depicted in late-Heian picture scrolls *emaki
絵巻, such as Nenjuugyouji Emaki 年中行事絵巻, though not all are shown with shops
at the front.
2 An area where artisan or merchant houses are
numerous.
3 In the ancient and mediaeval periods, buildings in
a *machi 町 (definition 6 ) were
used as lodging or withdrawing areas by the staff of a particular office or department
of a large institution or elite household. An example is the Kuroudoｄokoro Machiya
蔵人所町屋 in the Inner Palace, Dairi 内裏, of Kyoto Gosho 京都御所. |
