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tenshu@“VŽη
KEY WORD :@architecture / castles
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Also called tenshukaku “VŽηŠt, tenshuyagura “VŽη˜E. Also written “VŽε, “aŽε and “aŽη. The principal tower-like structure at the center of a castle complex *honmaru –{ŠΫ, located in what is termed the honmaru, "main circle" or inner compound. Corresponds to the keep or donjon of a western European castle. The castle gradually evolved from a strictly military function as a watchtower *bourougata tenshu –]˜OŒ^“VŽη placed atop a residence to that of primarily a symbol of power and authority. The height of the tower may consist of three, five of more stories *soutougata tenshu ‘w“ƒŒ^“VŽη. Often there was a strategic variance between the number of stories observable on the exterior, juu d or sou ‘w, and the actual number of floors inside the structure, kai ŠK. Also, the tenshu may be a single independent tower *dokuritsu tenshu “Ζ—§“VŽη, or *daitenshu ‘ε“VŽη, a principal tower or large tenshu. It may be joined with one or more subsidiary towers or smaller tenshu *kotenshu ¬“VŽη, and other structures such as a *watariyagura “n˜E, connecting gallery, to form a compound tower complex, *fukugou tenshu •‘‡“VŽη, a linked tower complex *renketsu tenshu ˜AŒ‹“VŽη and a tower grouping *renritsu tenshu ˜A—§“VŽη. Many variations of these four basic tenshu types were also constructed. For example, fukugou renketsu tenshu •‘‡˜AŒ‹“VŽη compound linked tower complex, represents a combination of the compound and link tower types. The tenshu was typically built on its own independent raised foundation *tenshudai “VŽη‘δ, the interior of which might hide one or more basement floors that could not be observed from the outside. The multi-floored tenshu was a timbered post-and-beam construction, with tiled roofs, as other towers *yagura ˜E. One distinctive structural feature was the use of one or two great pillars *tenshu shinbashira “VŽηS’Œ, running from the ground floor to the topmost floor.
The origin of term tenshu is not clear, but the earliest reliable source is GENKI NINENKI Œ³‹T“ρ”N‹L, "Record of the Second year of Genki (1571)," is found in a discussion of Oda Nobunaga's D“cM’· Castle (begun 1569).
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fukugou renketsu tenshu •‘‡˜AŒ‹“VŽηF
Matsumotojou Tenshu Ό–{ι“VŽη (Nagano)

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