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onryoumen@‰…—μ–Κ
KEY WORD :@art history / sculptures
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Noh masks *noumen ”\–Κ of ghosts and spirits. Although all the onryou masks share sculptural characteristics, being gaunt, bony renditions of humans with protruding bones, thin lips, round metallic eyes, and thin straggly hair, they are used for three distinct types of roles: vigorous gods, vengeful wraiths, and ghosts tormented in hell. Vigorous gods, such as Sumiyoshi Z‹g, are most typically represented by *mikazuki ŽO“ϊŒŽ and its variants *jintai _‘Μ, *awaotoko ˆ’”g’j, taka ‘ι, and hayaotoko ‘’j. These shintou _“Ή gods differ from other, more violent, images of shintou gods, like tobide ”ςo and akujou ˆ«ˆΡ, in being essentially human in conception, as opposed to fantastic mythical forms. Revengeful wraiths resentful of treatment in battle, by lovers, or in politics, generally wear masks of the *ayakashi ‰φŽm type, or derivitives like *otoko masugami ’j\‘”― or nishikigi otoko ‹Ρ–Ψ’j. Over the years, however, the similarity in structure between the the mikazuki and ayakashi types of masks has led actors to substitute one for the other, as suits their particular school tradition, or personal interpretation of the specific role. Early masks of the latter type are often labeled ryou-no-otoko —μ’j. Many Muromachi period examples can be found in shrines and temples around the country, such as Kasuga Jinja t“ϊ_ŽΠ in Fukui prefecture, Oki Jinja ‘§_ŽΠ in Shizuoka prefecture, and Hakusan Jinja ”’ŽR_ŽΠ, Gifu prefecture. Like all early masks, these exhibit a greater freedom of carving and variation of expression than later versions, but all share the characteristics listed above. Parallel women's masks include *deigan “DŠα and masugami \‘”― for masks that can either be used as goddesses or possessed spirits. In addition, angry spirits who take on the guise of a snake or dragon to carry out their revenge are represented by *hannya ”ΚŽα and related masks. The third group, masks of tormented ghosts, center on the *yaseotoko ‘‰’j and *yaseonna ‘‰—, *ryouonna —쏗 types, with their variations. Of a somewhat later conception from the other two types, these masks also differ in having passive, introverted expressions, seen particularly in the loose, down-ward turned lips, and lack of lower teeth. Appearing almost like a skeleton come to life, these masks have a haunting beauty. The late 15c carver Himi Munetada •XŒ©@’‰ (see *jissaku \μ) is primarily responsible for creating the tormented ghost mask types.
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(C)2001 Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System.@No reproduction or republication without written permission.
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