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(C)2001 Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. No reproduction or republication without written permission.
掲載のテキスト・写真・イラストなど、全てのコンテンツの無断複製・転載を禁じます。
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| gochi nyorai 五智如来 | ||||||
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| KEY WORD : art history / iconography | ||||||
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| Lit.
Five Wisdom *nyorai
如来 (Sk: Tathagatas); this refers to the Five Buddhas gobutsu 五仏
of the *Kongoukai
mandara 金剛界曼荼羅. In Japan, the Kongoukai mandara is
associated with wisdom (in contrast with the *Taizoukai
mandara 胎蔵界曼荼羅, which is associated with ri 理 or ultimate
principle), and each of its Five Buddhas is associated with one of the
five wisdoms gochi 五智. The correspondences between the Five Wisdom
nyorai and the five wisdoms are as follows: *Dainichi
大日 (Sk: Mahavairocana; center) and hokkaitai shouchi 法界体性智 (Sk: dharmadhatusvabhava-jnana : wisdom of the essence of the Dharma-realm); *Ashuku
阿しゅく (Sk: Aksobhya; east) and daien kyouchi 大円鏡智 (Sk: adarsa-jnana : great
perfect mirror wisdom); Houshou 宝生 (Sk: Ratnasambhava; south) and byoudou
shouchi 平等性智 (Sk: samata-jnana : wisdom of equality) ; *Amida
阿弥陀 (west) and myoukan zatchi 妙観察智 (Sk: pratyaveksana-jnana : wisdom
of wondrous observation) ; and Fukuu jouju 不空成就 (Sk: Amoghasiddhi; north)
and jousho sachi 成所作智 (Sk: krtyanusthana-jnana : wisdom of accomplishing
that which is to be done). The five wisdoms represent a development of the
four wisdoms posited by the Yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism , with
the fifth (that attributed to Dainichi) having evolved within the
doctrines of Esoteric Buddhism mikkyou 密教 to embrace the other four, and they all represent
aspects of the wisdom held to be attained upon enlightenment. Examples of
sets of images of Gochi nyorai include those at Anjouji 安祥寺 in Kyoto (9c;
at present on view at Kyoto National Museum), Henmyouin 遍明院 (9c) in Okayama prefecture, Kongouzanmai-in 金剛三昧院 on Mt. Kouya 高野 (13c) in Wakayama prefecture, and
Touji 東寺 (16c) in Kyoto. The gochi nyorai also appear on the five wisdom
bejeweled crown *gochi houkan
五智宝冠 to be seen worn by Dainichi, Kongousatta 金剛薩た (Sk: Vajrasattva),
*Miroku 弥勒 and certain
other bodhisattvas *bosatsu 菩薩. In the Shingon 真言 sect it is also placed
on the head of the initiated in the Dharma-transmission initiand, denbou
kanjou 伝法潅頂, the initiation ceremony which confers upon the initiand
the rank of a master ajari 阿闍梨 of Esoteric Buddhism, and the headgear
toukin 頭襟 worn by practitioners of mountain asceticism shugendou
修験道 is also identified with the gochi houkan; in both these cases
it indicates that the wearer is to realize the five wisdoms and attain a
state equal to that of Vairocana. |
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(C)2001 Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. No reproduction or republication without written permission. 掲載のテキスト・写真・イラストなど、全てのコンテンツの無断複製・転載を禁じます。 |
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