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efude@ŠG•M
KEY WORD :@art history / paintings
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Lit. painting brush. Any of numerous categories of paint brushes made in Japan of various natural materials and used to apply *sumi –n ink or pigments to paintings and, works of calligraphy. An efuda consists of a head called hitsugou •M‹, or sometimes hou –N, or ho •δ (ear); and a holder called hikkan •MŠΗ or jiku Ž² (axis). Heads can be made of various kinds of animal hair or feathers, or plants such as bamboo and straw (see *warafude ˜m•M). Most commonly holders are made of bamboo but wood, jade, ceramic, and metal are also used. In early Japan a brush with a rolled-paper core called makifude Šͺ•M was used but after the 15c brushes without a core such as sabakifude ŽJ•M (no starch applied to the head) and suihitsu …•M (contains a lot of ink in the head) became popular.
For Japanese water colors done in a Western style, sable brushes tenmou ζΈ–Ρ and brushes made from the summer fur of animals natsuge ‰Δ–Ρ are employed; for oil pigments, stiff brushes of pig's bristles and soft brushes made of black sable are used. These vary in width and may be flat or round, large or small. Also for western-style painting, wide flat brushes *hake ό–Ρ are commonly used to apply varnish or spread water over pigments.
Brushes made of animal hair mouhitsu –Ρ•M are used both for calligraphy and painting. Sakuyouhitsu ν—p•M, made of sheep or weasel hair, are used to delineate general outlines, while sokumyouhitsu ‘₯–­•M, made of soft, long hairs of sheep or cat, are used to draw final ink lines as well as for color application. For thin, fine, even lines such as hair on figures, a slender mensoufude –Κ‘Š•M, generally made of mixture of weasel and badger hair, is employed. Brushes used to apply color are called saishikifude ΚF•M, and are made of sheep, horse or deer hair; these come in various sizes. Kumadorifude ŒGŽζ•M, used to add water to attain the effects of shading and tonal gradations, are made of sheep and horse hair, with badger hair added for very thick brushes. Hirafude •½•M, flat brushes about 3cm in width used to apply color, are made of sheep and white horse hair. A renpitsu ˜A•M is made of several medium-sized round brushes joined together to form a single brush about the width of a hake. Used for undercoatings and color applications, renpitsu differ from hake in the amount of water they can hold. Also the soft roundness of the clusters gives a greater brush-like feeling than the hake. A brush used for paintings where ink and pigments are applied without outlines is called tsuketatefude •t—§•M (see *tsuketate •t—§) or mokkotsufude –vœ•M (see *mokkotsu –vœ).
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